See exactly how multiplication works, digit by digit
Column multiplication (also called long multiplication) is the standard written method for multiplying two numbers with more than one digit. You line the numbers up vertically, multiply each digit of the bottom number by every digit of the top number, and then add up the partial products to get the final answer.
When you multiply two digits and the result is 10 or more, you can't fit the whole number in one column. You write the ones digit in the current column and carry the tens digit over to the next column to add it in. Carries are what makes multi-digit multiplication work — and they're exactly what Unfold Math animates so you can see each one appear at the right moment.
When the bottom number has more than one digit, you multiply separately by each digit and write each result on its own row, shifted one place to the left for each new digit. These rows are called partial products. Once you have all of them, you add them together to get the final result.
Start by making sure you're comfortable with your times tables up to 9 × 9. Then practise with two-digit by one-digit problems before moving to two-digit by two-digit. Use squared paper to keep columns aligned, and always double-check your carries — they're the most common source of errors.
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